Sex-Love, and Its Place in a Free Society

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Produced by David Widger


SEX-LOVE,

AND ITS PLACE IN A FREE SOCIETY: (SECOND EDITION)

BY EDWARD CARPENTER.

PRICE FOURPENCE.

MANCHESTER:

The Labour Press Society Limited, Printers and Publishers

1894.


SEX-LOVE

The subject of Sex is most difficult to deal with, not only on account
of a certain prudery as well as a natural reticence on the subject, but
doubtless also because the passion itself being so tremendously strong
and occupying such a large part of human thought--and words being so
scanty and inadequate on the subject--everything that _is_ said is
liable to be misunderstood; the most violent inferences are made, and
equivocations surmised, from the simplest remarks; qualified admissions
of liberty are interpreted into recommendations of unbridled licence;
and generally the perspective of literary expression is turned upside
down by the effect of the unfamiliarity of the topic on the reader's
mind.

There is indeed a vast deal of fetishism in the current treatment of
Sex; and the subject is dealt with as though it lay quite out of line
with any other need or faculty of human nature. Nor can one altogether
be surprised at this when one perceives of what vast import Sex is in
the scheme of things, and how deeply it it has been associated since the
earliest times not only with man's personal impulses but even with his
religious sentiments and ceremonials.

Next to hunger this is doubtless the most primitive and imperative of
our needs. But in modern civilised life Sex enters probably even more
into _consciousness_ than hunger. For the hunger-needs of the human race
are in the later societies fairly well satisfied, but the sex-desires
are strongly restrained, both by law and custom, from satisfaction--and
so assert themselves all the more in thought.

To find the place of these desires, their utterance, their control,
their personal import, their social import, is a tremendous problem to
every youth and girl, man and woman.

There are a few of both sexes, doubtless, who hardly feel the
passion--who have never been "in love," and who experience no strong
sexual appetite--but these are rare. Practically the passion is a
matter of universal experience; and speaking broadly and generally we
may say it is a matter on which it is quite desirable that every adult
at some time or other _should_ have experience--actual and physical,
as well as emotional. There may be exceptions; but, as said,
the sex-instinct lies so deep and is so universal, that for the
understanding of life--of one's own life, of that of others, and of
human nature in general--as well as for the proper development of one's
own capacities, such experience is almost indispensable.

And here in passing I would say that in the social life of the future
this need will surely be recognised, and not only will young people
be deliberately prepared and instructed for the fulfilment of Sex
when their time comes, but (while there will be no stigma attaching to
voluntary celibacy) the state of enforced celibacy in which vast numbers
of women live to-day will be looked upon as a national wrong, almost as
grievous as that of prostitution--of which latter evil indeed it is in
some degree the counterpart or necessary accompaniment.

Of course Nature (personifying under this term the more unconscious,
even though human, instincts and forces) takes pretty good care in her
own way that most people should have sexual experience. She has her
own purposes to work out, which in a sense have nothing to do with
the individual--her racial purposes. But she acts in the rough,
with tremendous sweep and power, and with little adjustment to or
consideration for the later developed and more conscious and intelligent
ideals of humanity. The youth, deeply infected with the sex-passion,
suddenly finds himself in the presence of Titanic forces--the Titanic
but sub-conscious forces of his own nature. "In love" he feels a
superhuman strength--and rightly so, for he identifies himself with
cosmic energies and entities, powers that are preparing the future of
the race, and whose operations extend over vast regions of space and
millennial lapses of time. He sees into the abysmal deeps of his own
being, and trembles with a kind of awe at the disclosure. And what he
feels concerning himself he feels similarly concerning the one who has
inspired his passion. The glances of the two lovers penetrate far beyond
the surface, ages down into each other, waking a myriad antenatal
dreams.

For the moment he lets himself go, rejoicing in the sense of limitless
power beneath him--borne onwards like a man down rapids, too intoxicated
with the glory of motion to think of whither he is going; then the
next moment he discovers that he is being hurried into impossible
situations--situations which his own moral conscience, as well as the
moral conscience of Society, embodied in law and custom, will not admit.
He finds perhaps that the satisfaction of his imperious impulse is, to
all appearances, inconsistent with the welfare of her he loves. His own
passion arises before him as a kind of rude giant which he or the race
to which he belongs may, Frankenstein-like, have created ages back, but
which he now has to dominate or be dominated by; and there declares
itself in him the fiercest conflict--that between his far-back Titanic
instinctive and sub-conscious nature, and his later developed, more
especially human and moral self.

While the glory of Sex pervades and suffuses all Nature; while the
flowers are rayed and starred out towards the sun in the very ecstasy of
generation; while the nostrils of the animals dilate, and their forms
become instinct, under the passion, with a proud and fiery beauty;
while even the human lover is transformed, and in the great splendors
of the mountains and the sky perceives something to which he had not the
key before--yet it is curious that just here, in Man, we find the magic
wand of Nature suddenly broken, and doubt and conflict and division
entering in, where a kind of unconscious harmony had first prevailed.

Heine I think says somewhere that the man who loves unsuccessfully knows
himself to be a god. It is not perhaps till the great current of sexual
love is checked and brought into conflict with the other parts of his
being that the whole nature of the man, sexual and moral, under the
tremendous stress rises into consciousness and reveals in fire its
god-like quality. This is the work of the artificer who makes immortal
souls--who out of the natural love evolves even a more perfect love. "In
tutti gli amanti," says Giordano Bruno, "é questo fabro vulcano" ("in
all lovers is this Olympian blacksmith present").

It is the subject of this conflict, or at least differentiation, between
the sexual and the more purely moral and social instincts in man which
interests us here. It is clear, I think, that if sex is to be treated
rationally, that is, neither superstitiously on the one hand nor
licentiously on the other, we must be willing to admit that both the
satisfaction of the passion and the non-satisfaction of it are desirable
and beautiful. They both have their results, and man has to reap the
fruits which belong to both experiences. May we not say that there is
probably some sort of transmutation of essences continually effected and
effectible in the human frame? Lust and Love--the _Aphrodite Pandemos_
and the _Aphrodite Ouranios_--are subtly interchangeable. Perhaps the
corporeal amatory instinct and the ethereal human yearning for personal
union are really and in essence one thing, with diverse forms of
manifestation. However that may be, it is pretty evident that there is
some deep relationship between them. It is a matter of common experience
that the unrestrained outlet of merely physical desire leaves the
nature drained of its higher love-forces; while on the other hand if the
physical satisfaction be denied the body becomes surcharged with waves
of emotion--sometimes to an unhealthy and dangerous degree. Yet at times
this emotional love may, by reason of its expression being checked or
restricted, transform itself into the all-penetrating subtle influence of
spiritual love.

Marcus Aurelius quotes a saying of Heraclitus to the effect that the
death of earth is to become water (liquefaction), and the death of water
is to become air (evaporation), and the death of air is to become
fire (combustion). So in the human body are there sensual, emotional,
spiritual, and other elements of which it may be said that their death
on one plane means their transformation and new birth on other planes.

It will readily be seen that I am not arguing that the lower or more
physical manifestations of love should be killed out in order to force
the growth of the more spiritual and enduring forms--because Nature in
her slow evolutions does not generally countenance such high and mighty
methods; but am merely trying to indicate that there are grounds for
believing in the transmutability of the various forms of the passion,
and grounds for thinking that the sacrifice of a lower phase may
sometimes be the only condition on which a higher and more durable phase
can be attained; and that therefore Restraint (which is absolutely
necessary at times) _has_ its compensation.

Any one who has once realised how glorious a thing Love is in its
essence, and how indestructible, will hardly need to call anything that
leads to it a sacrifice; and he is indeed a master of life who accepting
the grosser desires as they come to his body, and not refusing them,
knows how to transform them at will into the most rare and fragrant
flowers of human emotion.

Until these subjects are openly put before children and young people
with some degree of intelligent and sympathetic handling, it can
scarcely be expected that anything but the utmost confusion, in mind
and in morals, should reign in matters of Sex. That we should leave our
children to pick up their information about the most sacred, the most
profound and vital, of all human functions, from the mere gutter, and
learn to know it first from the lips of ignorance and vice, seems almost
incredible, and certainly indicates the deeply-rooted unbelief and
uncleanness of our own thoughts. Yet a child at the age of puberty, with
the unfolding of its far-down emotional and sexual nature, is eminently
capable of the most sensitive, affectional, and serene appreciation
of what Sex means (generally more so, as things are to-day, than
its worldling parent or guardian); and can absorb the teaching, if
sympathetically given, without any shock or disturbance to its sense of
shame--that sense which is so natural and valuable a safeguard of early
youth.

To teach the child first, quite openly, its physical relation to its own
mother, its long indwelling in her body, and the deep and sacred bond of
tenderness between mother and child in consequence; then, after a time,
to explain the work of fatherhood, and how the love of the parents for
each other was the cause of its own (the child's) existence: these
things are easy and natural--at least they are so to the young mind--and
excite in it no surprise, or sense of unfitness, but only gratitude
and a kind of tender wonderment.* Then, later on, as the special sexual
needs and desires develop, to instruct the girl or boy in the further
details of the matter, and the care and right conduct of her or his own
sexual nature; on the meaning and the dangers of solitary indulgence--if
this habit has been contracted; on the need of self-control and
the presence of affection in all relations with others, and (without
asceticism) on the possibility of deflecting physical desire to some
degree into affectional and emotional channels, and the great gain so
resulting: all these are things which an ordinary youth of either sex
will easily understand and appreciate, and which may be of priceless
value, saving such an one from years of struggle in foul morasses, and
waste of precious life-strength. Finally, with the maturity of
the moral nature, the supremacy of the pure human relation should be
taught--not the extinguishment of desire, but the attainment of the real
kernel of it, its dedication to the well-being of another--the evolution
of the _human_ element in love, balancing the natural--till at last the
snatching of an unglad pleasure, regardless of the other from whom it
is snatched, or the surrender of one's body to another, for any reason
except that of love, become things impossible.

     *See Appendix.

Between lovers then a kind of hardy temperance is much to be
recommended--for all reasons, but especially because it lifts
their satisfaction and delight in each other out of the region of
ephemeralities (which too soon turn to dull indifference and satiety)
into the region of more lasting things--one step nearer at any rate to
the Eternal Kingdom. How intoxicating indeed, how penetrating--like a
most precious wine--is that love which is the sexual transformed by the
magic of the will into the emotional and spiritual! And what a loss
on the merest grounds of prudence and the economy of pleasure is its
unbridled waste along physical channels! So nothing is so much to be
dreaded between lovers as just this--the vulgarisation of love--and this
is the rock upon which marriage so often splits.

There is a kind of illusion about physical desire similar to that which
a child suffers from when, seeing a beautiful flower, it instantly
snatches the same, and destroys in a few moments the form and fragrance
which attracted it. He only gets the full glory who holds himself back a
little, and truly possesses who is willing if need be not to possess.

On the other hand it must not be pretended that the physical passions
are by their nature abhorrent, or anything but admirable and desirable
in their place. Any attempt to absolutely disown or despite them,
carried out over long periods either by individuals Or bodies of
people, only ends in the _thinning out_ of the human nature--by the very
consequent stinting of the supply of its growth-material, and is liable
to stultify itself in time by leading to reactionary excesses. It must
never be forgotten that the physical basis throughout life is of the
first importance, and supplies the nutrition and food-stuff without
which the higher powers cannot exist or at least manifest themselves.
Intimacies founded on intellectual and moral affinities alone are seldom
very deep and lasting; if the physical or sexual basis is quite absent,
the acquaintanceship is liable to die away again like an ill-rooted
plant. In many cases (especially of women) the nature is never really
understood or disclosed till the sex-feeling is touched--however
lightly. Besides it must be remembered that in order for a perfect
intimacy between two people their bodies must by the nature of the case
be free to each other. The sexual and bodily intimacy may not be the
object for which they come together; but if it is denied, its denial
will bar any real sense of repose and affiance, and make the relation
restless, vague, tentative and unsatisfied.

In these lights it will be seen that what we call asceticism and what we
call libertinism are two sides practically of the same shield. So
long as the tendency towards mere pleasure-indulgence is strong and
uncontrolled, so long will the instinct towards asceticism assert
itself--and rightly, else we might speedily find ourselves in headlong
Phaethonian career. Asceticism is in its place (as the word would
indicate) as an _exercise_; but let it not be looked upon as an end in
itself, for that is a mistake of the same kind as going to the opposite
extreme. Certainly if the welfare and happiness of the beloved one were
always really the main purpose in our minds we should have plenty of
occasion for self-control, and an artificial asceticism would not be
needed. We look for a time doubtless when the hostility between these
two parts of man's unperfected nature will be merged in the perfect
love; but at present and until this happens their conflict is certainly
one of the most pregnant things in all our experience; and must not by
any means be blinked or evaded, but boldly faced. It is in itself almost
a sexual act. The mortal nature through it is, so to speak, torn asunder;
and through the rent so made in his mortality does it sometimes happen
that a new and immortal man is born.

The Sex-act affords the type of all pleasures. The dissatisfaction which
at times follows on it is the same as follows on all pleasure which is
_sought_, and which does not come unsought. The dissatisfaction is not
in the nature of pleasure itself but in the nature of _seeking_. In
consciously surrendering oneself to the pursuit of things external, the
"I" (since it really has everything and needs nothing) deceives itself,
goes out from its true home, tears itself asunder, and admits a gap or
rent in its own being. This is what is meant by _sin_--the separation
or sundering (German _Sünde_) of one's being--and all the pain that
goes therewith. It all consists in _seeking_ those external things and
pleasures; not (a thousand times be it said) in those external things
or pleasures themselves. They are all fair and gracious enough; their
place is to stand round the throne and offer their homage--rank behind
rank in their multitudes--if so be we will accept it. But for us to go
out of ourselves to run after _them_, to allow ourselves to be divided
and rent in twain by _their_ attraction, that is an inversion of the
order of heaven; and in so doing does sin and all suffering enter in.

Of all pleasures the sexual tempts most strongly to this desertion of
one's true self, and stands as the type of Maya and the world-illusion;
yet the beauty of the loved one and the delight of corporeal union all
turn to dust and ashes if bought at the price of disunion and disloyalty
in the higher spheres--disloyalty even to the person whose mortal love
is sought. The higher and more durable part of man, whirled along in
the rapids and whirlpools of desire, experiences tortures the moment it
comes to recognise that It is something other than physical. Then comes
the struggle to regain its lost Paradise, and the frightful effort
of co-ordination between the two natures, by which the centre of
consciousness is gradually transferred from the fugitive to the more
permanent part, and the mortal and changeable is assigned its due place
in the outer chambers and forecourts of the temple.

Pleasure should come as the natural (and indeed inevitable)
accompaniment of life, believed in with a kind of free faith, but never
sought as the object of life. It is in the inversion of this order that
the uncleanness of the senses arises. Sex to-day throughout the domains
of civilisation is thoroughly unclean.

Everywhere it is slimed over with the thought of pleasure. Not for
joy, not for mere delight in and excess of life, not for pride in the
generation of children, not for a symbol and expression of deepest
soul-union, does it exist--but for pleasure. Hence we disown it in our
thoughts, and cover it up with false shame and unbelief--knowing well
that to seek a social act for a private pleasure is a falsehood. The
body itself is kept religiously covered, smothered away from the rush of
the great purifying life of Nature, infected with dirt and disease, and
a subject for prurient thought and exaggerated lust such as in its naked
state it would never provoke. The skin becomes sickly and corrupt, and
of a dead leaden white hue, which strangely enough is supposed to be
more beautiful than the rich rose-brown, delicately shaded into lighter
tints in the less exposed parts, which it would wear if tanned by
daily welcome of sun and wind. Sexual embraces themselves are seldom
sanctified by the glories of Nature, in whose presence alone, under
the burning sun or the high canopy of the stars and surrounded by the
fragrant atmosphere, their meaning can be fully understood: but take
place in stuffy dens of dirty upholstery and are associated with all
unbeautiful things.

Even literature, which might have been expected to preserve some decent
expression on this topic, reflects all too clearly by its silence or by
its pruriency the prevailing spirit of unbelief; and in order to find
any sane faithful strong and calm words on the subject, one has to wade
right back through the marshes and bogs of civilised scribbledom, and
toil eastward across its arid wastes to the very dawn-hymns of the Aryan
races.

In one of the Upanishads of the Vedic sacred books (the Brihadaranyaka
Upanishad) there is a very beautiful passage in which instruction is
given to the man who desires a noble son as to the prayers which he
shall offer to the gods on the occasion of congress with his wife. In
primitive simple and serene language it directs him how "when he has
placed his virile member in the body of his wife and joined his mouth to
her mouth" he should pray to the various forms of deity who preside over
the operations of nature: to Vishnu to prepare the womb of the future
mother, to Prajapati to watch over the influx of the semen, and to the
other gods to nourish the foetus, etc. Nothing could be (I am judging
from the only translation I have met with, a Latin one) more composed,
serene, simple and religious in feeling, and well might it be if such
instructions were preserved and followed, even down to the present day;
yet such is the degradation we have come to that actually Max Müller in
his translations of the Sacred Books of the East appears to have been
unable to persuade himself to render this and a few other quite similar
passages into English, but gives them in the original Sanskrit! One
might have thought that as Professor in the University of Oxford,
presumedly _sans peur et sans reproche_, and professedly engaged in
making a translation of these books for students, it was his duty and it
might have been his delight to make intelligible just such passages as
these, which give the pure and pious sentiment of the early world in so
perfect a form; unless indeed he thought the sentiment impure and
impious--in which case we have indeed a measure of the degradation of
the public opinion which must have swayed his mind. As to the only
German translation of the Upanishad which I can find, it baulks at the
same passages in the same feeble way--repeating _nicht zu wiedergeben,
nicht zu wiedergeben_, over and over again, till at last one can but
conclude that the translator is right, and that the simplicity and
sacredness of the feeling is in this our time indeed "not to be
reproduced."

Our public opinion, our literature, our customs, our laws, are saturated
with the notion of the uncleanness of Sex, and are so making the
conditions of its cleanness more and more difficult. Our children, as
said, have to pick up their intelligence on the subject in the gutter.
Little boys bathing on the outskirts of our towns are hunted down by
idiotic policemen, apparently infuriated by the sight of the naked body,
even of childhood. Lately in one of our northern towns, the boys and men
bathing in a public pool set apart by the corporation for the purpose,
were--though forced to wear some kind of covering--kept till nine
o'clock at night before they were allowed to go into the water--lest in
the full daylight Mrs. Grundy should behold any portion of their bodies!
and as for women and girls their disabilities in the matter are most
serious.

Till this dirty and dismal sentiment with regard to the human body is
removed there can be little hope of anything like a free and gracious
public life. With the regeneration of our social ideas the whole
conception of Sex as a thing covert and to be ashamed of, marketable and
unclean, will have to be regenerated. That inestimable freedom and pride
which is the basis of all true manhood and womanhood will have to enter
into this most intimate relation to preserve it frank and pure--pure
from the damnable commercialism which buys and sells all human things,
and from the religious hypocrisy which covers and conceals; and a
healthy delight in and cultivation of the body and all its natural
functions and a determination to keep them pure and beautiful, open and
sane and free, will have to become a recognised part of national life.

Possibly, and indeed probably, as the sentiment of common life and
common interest grows, and the capacity for true companionship increases
with the decrease of self-regarding anxiety, the importance of the
mere sex-act will dwindle till it comes to be regarded as only one very
specialised factor in the full total of human love. There is no doubt
that with the full realisation of affectional union the need of actual
bodily congress loses some of its urgency; and it is not difficult
to see in our present-day social life that the want of the former is
(according to the law of transmutation) one marked cause of the violence
and extravagance of the lower passions. But however things may change
with the further evolution of man, there is no doubt that first of all
the sex-relation must be divested of the sentiment of uncleanness which
surrounds it, and rehabilitated again with a sense almost of religious
consecration; and this means, as I have said, a free people, proud in
the mastery and the divinity of their own lives, and in the beauty and
openness of their own bodies.

Sex is the allegory of Love in the physical world. It is from this
fact that it derives its immense power. The aim of Love is
non-differentiation--absolute union of being; but absolute union can only
be found at the centre of existence. Therefore whoever has truly found
another has found not only that other, and with that other himself, but
has found also a third--who dwells at the centre and holds the plastic
material of the universe in the palm of his hand, and is a creator of
sensible forms.

Similarly the aim of sex is union and non-differentiation--but on
the physical plane,--and in the moment when this union is accomplished
creation takes place, and the generation (in the plastic material of the
sex-elements) of sensible forms.

In the animal and lower human world--and wherever the creature is
incapable of realising the perfect love (which is indeed able to
transform it into a god)--Nature in the purely physical instincts does
the next best thing, that is, she effects a corporeal union and so
generates another creature who by the very process of his generation
shall be one step nearer to the universal soul and the realisation of
the desired end. Nevertheless the moment the other love and all that
goes with it is realised the natural sexual love has to fall into
a secondary place--the lover must stand on his feet and not on his
head--or else the most dire confusions ensue, and torments _æonian_.

Taking all together I think it may fairly be said that the prime object
of Sex is _union_, the physical union as the allegory and expression of
the real union, and that generation is a secondary object or result of
this union. If we go to the lowest material expressions of Sex--as among
the protozoic cells--we find that they, the cells, unite together, two
into one; and that, as a result of the nutrition that ensues, this joint
cell after a time (but not always) breaks up by fission into a number of
progeny cells; or if on the other hand we go to the very highest
expression of Sex, in the sentiment of Love, we find the latter takes
the form chiefly and before all else of a desire for union, and only in
lesser degree of a desire for race-propagation.

I mention this because it probably makes a good deal of difference in
our estimate of Sex whether the one function or the other is considered
primary. There is perhaps a slight tendency among medical and other
authorities to overlook the question of the important physical actions
and reactions, and even corporeal modifications, which may ensue upon
sexual intercourse between two people, and to fix their attention
too exclusively upon their child-bearing function; but in truth it is
probable, I think, from various considerations, that the spermatozoa
pass through the tissues and affect the general body of the female, as
well as that the male absorbs minutest cells _from_ the female; and
that generally, even without the actual Sex-act, there is an interchange
of vital and etherial elements--so that there is a kind of generation
taking place _in each other_, as well as that more specialised
generation which consists in the propagation of the race.

At the last and taking it as a whole one has the same difficulty in
dealing with the subject of Love which meets one at every turn in
modern life--the monstrous separation of one part of our nature
from another--the way in which--no doubt in the necessary course of
evolution--we have cut ourselves in twain as it were, and assigned
"right" and "wrong," heaven and hell, spiritual and material, and other
violent distinctions, to the separate portions. We have eaten of the
Tree of Knowledge of good and evil with a vengeance! The Lord has indeed
driven us out of Paradise into the domain of that "fabro vulcano" who
with tremendous hammer-strokes must _hammer the knowledge of good and
evil out of us again_. I feel that I owe an apology to the beautiful god
for daring even for a moment to think of dissecting him soul from body,
and for speaking as if these artificial distinctions were in any wise
eternal. Will the man or woman, or race of men and women, never come,
to whom love in its various manifestations shall be from the beginning a
perfect whole, pure and natural, free and standing sanely on its feet?

APPENDIX.

"I analysed a flower, I pointed out to her the beauty of colouring, the
gracefulness of shape, the tender shades, the difference between the
parts composing the flowers. Gradually, I told her what these parts were
called. I showed her the pollen, which clung like a beautiful golden
powder to her little rosy fingers. I showed her through the microscope
that this beautiful powder was composed of an infinite number of small
grains. I made her examine the pistil more closely, and I showed her, at
the end of the tube, the ovary, which I called a 'little house full of
very tiny children.' I showed her the pollen glued to the pistil, and I
told her, that when the pollen of one flower, carried away by the wind,
or by the insects, fell on the pistil of another flower, the small
grains died, and a tiny drop of moisture passed through the tube and
entered into the little house where the very tiny children dwelt; that
these tiny children were like small eggs, that in each small egg there
was an almost invisible opening, through which a little of the small
drop passed; that when this drop of pollen mixed with some other
wonderful power in the ovary, that both joined together to give life,
and the eggs developed and became grains or fruit. I have shown her
flowers which had only a pistil and others which had only stamens. I
said to her, smiling, that the pistils were like little mothers, and the
stamens like little fathers of the fruit....

"Thus I sowed in this innocent heart and searching mind the seeds of that
delicate science, which degenerates into obscenity, if the mother,
through false shame, leaves the instruction of her child to its
schoolfellows. Let my little girl ask me, if she likes, the much dreaded
question; I will only have to remind her of the botany lessons, simply
adding, the same thing happens to human beings, with this difference,
that what is done unconsciously by the plants, is done consciously by
us; that in a properly arranged society one only unites one's self to
the person one loves.'"--(Translated from "La Revendication des Droits
Féminins," _Shafts_, April 1894, p. 237.)



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